University of Georgia Integration
Background:
On January 6, 1961, federal district court Judge W. A. Bootle ordered the immediate admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, ending 160 years of segregation at the school. Bootle's decision precipitated a constitutional crisis for state legislators, who passed legislation several years earlier mandating an immediate cut-off of state funds to any white institution that admitted a black student. As rumors circulated Athens and Atlanta regarding the possibility of the university's closing, college administrators urged students to remain calm and observe their usual routines. Order did prevail on campus until January 11, when an angry mob gathered outside Hunter's dormitory, causing significant property damage and garnering negative publicity for the university and the state. In the wake of the disturbance, state officials condemned the rioters and ultimately repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools.
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Archival Collections and Reference Resources
- Athens Oral History Project (Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies)
- Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library. (Digital Library of Georgia)
- Big man on campus / Baldy, 1961 Jan. 13 (Editorial cartoons)
- --Bootle to Tuttle to Black!-- / Baldy, 1961 Jan. 11. (Editorial cartoons)
- It's goin' down to the wire, folks-- It's toe to toe! / Baldy, [1963 Oct. 7]. (Editorial cartoons)
- Jeepers, I don't know if he's the same as he use [sic] to be or not! / Baldy, 1961 Jan. 18 (Editorial cartoons)
- --No tellin' what'll happen if you give 'em half a chance! / Baldy, [1963 Apr. 26]. (Editorial cartoons)
- --Now-- What can I do for you fellows? / Baldy, 1961 June 7. (Editorial cartoons)
- Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States (National Archives at Atlanta)
- Complaint from Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne A. Hunter vs. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia (Civil court records)
- Plaintiffs' Preliminary Statement from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar (Civil court records)
- Testimony from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar (Civil court records)
- Goin' back : remembering UGA (UGA Alumni Association)
- New Georgia Encyclopedia (New Georgia Encyclopedia)
- Oral histories of the American South (Georgia selections) (Documenting the American South (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill))
- Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement (Documenting the American South (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill))
- Voices Across The Color Line Oral History Collection, 2005-2006 (Atlanta History Center)
- WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection (Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection)
- DR. HARRIS COMMENTS ON KING'S FUNERAL AND A NEW MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP FUND IN KING'S NAME (news)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American lawyers commenting on the University of Georgia's integration, students' replies to a reporter's questions, and African American students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American students arriving on campus as well as the reaction of white students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (Moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17 (Moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of integration at the University of Georgia including crowds observing the arrival of African American students, students answering reporter's questions about integration and rioting in protest, and the African American students' return to Atlanta, Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11 (moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of reporter Ray Moore interviewing Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia, in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 8 (moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of statements by Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow, Georgia state treasurer George B. Hamilton, lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd, and Mrs. Alice Stancil regarding integration of the University of Georgia, Georgia, 1961 January (moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of students at the University of Georgia responding to an unidentified reporter's questions regarding the schools integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of the arrival of Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, the first African American undergraduate students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a member of the Committee on Education of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia reading from a prepared statement regarding applications of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes to the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 21 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a member of the Committee on Education of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia reading from a prepared statement regarding applications of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes to the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 21 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American lawyers commenting on the University of Georgia's integration, students' replies to a reporter's questions, and African American students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter and other white students walking around campus and a white man speaking to reporters and handing out cards at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter and other white students walking around campus and a white man speaking to reporters and handing out cards at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking with other students on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking with other students on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students arriving on campus as well as the reaction of white students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 17 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes registering for classes at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes registering for classes at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter as well as white students rioting over integration at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter as well as white students rioting over integration at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Charlayne Hunter speaking to reporter Dave Sisson about a visit to the University of Georgia and her feelings on African American students at the school, Athens, Georgia, 1969 November 21 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting the appearance of United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk at the University of Georgia Law Day; portions of Rusk's speech; and his comments to reporters as he leaves the event, Athens, Georgia, 1968 May 4 (News)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver pledging to preserve peace at the University of Georgia following a anti-integration riot, at a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 13 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver pledging to preserve peace at the University of Georgia following a anti-integration riot, at a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 13 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver reading a statement sent to state officials regarding the integration of the University of Georgia from the governor's mansion in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver reading a statement sent to state officials regarding the integration of the University of Georgia from the governor's mansion in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver reading a statement sent to state officials regarding the integration of the University of Georgia from the governor's mansion in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver reading a statement sent to state officials regarding the integration of the University of Georgia from the governor's mansion in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives clerk Glenn Wilson Ellard reading a committee report regarding integration at the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 19 (moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives clerk Glenn Wilson Ellard reading a committee report regarding integration at the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 19 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member A'Delbert Bowen condemning the faculty at the University of Georgia for signing a petition supporting the university's integration in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member A'Delbert Bowen condemning the faculty at the University of Georgia for signing a petition supporting the university's integration in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Lester Maddox blaming his generation for the current social unrest as Students protesting Kent State, Georgia, 1970 May 13 (News)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of integration at the University of Georgia including crowds observing the arrival of African American students, students answering reporter's questions about integration and rioting in protest, and the African American students' return to Atlanta, Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 11 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Myers Hall dormitory mother Minnie Porter speaking to a reporter and senator Carl Sanders speaking about a riot at the University of Georgia as well as images from Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 12 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Myers Hall dormitory mother Minnie Porter speaking to a reporter and senator Carl Sanders speaking about a riot at the University of Georgia as well as images from Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 12 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Gloria Crowe interviewing Hamilton Holmes shortly before his graduation from Emory University School of Medicine about his experience integrating the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 May 30 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Lo Jelks commenting on the controversy surrounding the Board of Regent's confirmation of Dean Rusk's appointment to the faculty of the University of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 December 28 (News)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing Alice W. Stancil, one of the first women admitted to the academic side of the University of Georgia in 1919, about her experiences at the university, Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia, in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January 8 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of statements by Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow, Georgia state treasurer George B. Hamilton, lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd, and Mrs. Alice Stancil regarding integration of the University of Georgia, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia marching on campus and meeting with university president Fred Davison in an attempt to gain university support for African American students on campus, Athens, Georgia, 1974 February 26 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions regarding the schools integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students protesting the suspension and probation of leaders of a demonstration at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 1968 June 2 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the arrival of Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, the first African American students at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 9 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity at the University of Georgia flying the Confederate battle flag at half-mast following the university's court-ordered integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity at the University of Georgia flying the Confederate battle flag at half-mast following the university's court-ordered integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 16 (news)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white students at the University of Georgia signing petitions requesting that the state legislature keep the school open after court-ordered integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 8 (Moving images)
- WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white students at the University of Georgia signing petitions requesting that the state legislature keep the school open after court-ordered integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January 8 (news)